San Francisco: The City that Never Sleeps

Everyone knows the familiar axiom that ‘you never truly know an individual until you live with them'. All things considered, this likewise applies to visiting different nations, since I have consistently had a thought in my mind about what sort of city San Francisco would be. I have seen different pictures in occasion leaflets of the Golden Gate Bridge, Fisherman's Wharf and obviously, the renowned Powell and Mason line Cable Cars. Not exclusively is the city about the well known milestones and locales everyone has known about, to me it was about a ton more and I don't imagine that anyone really knows a spot until they have lived in the core of it for over about fourteen days. Remorsefully, I just went through about fourteen days in the city, and I felt as if there was still bounty I needed to find out about it. Individuals consistently appear to connect the province of California with a lot of daylight, scarcely any downpour and by and large being a warm if not hot atmosphere. I was the same. Along these lines, when I ventured off of the plane and felt a virus impact of wind as I strolled through the graciousness burrow, I was genuinely stunned. I didn't hope to feel the cold while I was in California, yet that was only the start of surprising what might be on the horizon. Believe it or not I ought to have started my movements with a receptive outlook, however I thought I comprehended what San Francisco would resemble and through flaw of my own I didn't expect whatever else. I had visited the United States on three separate events before I chose to set out on San Francisco and I had never really ventured out toward the western bank of America so this was new region for me. There should be an away from between the East and West shorelines of America and along these lines knowing this, it was dependent upon me to recognize what these variables were. The way that I had been to the nation before surely helped me a great deal, particularly at the air terminal. Numerous guests from Europe who have not visited the United States previously, would be frightened at the measure of inquiries security pose while getting their identification stepped. This equitable demonstrates that the American's don't simply give anyone access to their nation and they must be sure that each and every individual who lacks a visa to live and work in the nation has visited for recreational purposes as it were. I realize that security has been ventured up since the assaults on September eleventh, yet when the identification control official asked me, ‘Why would you say you are visiting the USA? , ‘How long will you remain? ‘, and ‘Have you visited previously? ‘, it caused me to feel like a criminal for being in their nation. At the time I had an inclination that I had been grilled for reasons unknown, yet thinking back on it, I see that it was distinctly for my expanded security while I was visiting that they needed to pose those inquiries and they asked everyone. As far as I can recall, I have consistently thought it was just the English that continually discussed the climate. I was not hoping to find out about it relentless while I was in San Francisco. Be that as it may, I before long discovered the purpose for it; I was really visiting the city in the most sweltering weeks it had ever observed, I was unable to accept my amazing good fortune. The virus impact of air I had felt while venturing off of the plane more likely than not been the cooling, I inhaled a major moan of help as I understood that the California I had been longing for might really turn into a reality. I had set up for a young lodging for the initial three evenings of my remain and having never remained in one I truly had no clue about what it would resemble. When I understood the taxi had pulled up outside the inn, I started to stress. It looked not at all like the photos I had seen on the web, it was arranged in a forsaken road and a man was perched on the means outside with a cigarette hanging out of his mouth. I sincerely would have utilized all my going through cash to remain in a decent inn for the remainder of the outing on the off chance that it had implied that I didn't need to remain in the lodging. Nonetheless, I was convinced to check out it for one night and I was allowed to choose what to do after that. Quick to escape the inn I took a stroll on that first night to get a thought of how far we were from all the spots I needed to visit. Sadly, it appeared that no one took strolls in the city, particularly not around evening time in any case. We were not avoiding Market Street, which is the central avenue in the city and it actually ranges from one finish of the city to the next and in the long run finishes at the Ferry Building close to the Bay Bridge. Having found out about Market Street while doing my exploration, I was happy I was remaining inside strolling separation, since that is where you can get the trolleys and the BART (Bay Area Rapid Transport), which is the equal to the London Underground. Realizing that I was inside strolling separation of all the significant vehicle joins caused me to feel better and I concluded that the following day I would take the Cable Car to Fisherman's Wharf and see what that brought to the table. The Cable Cars are the main vehicles of their sort still in activity and are viewed as National Landmarks. Going on a Cable Car was at the highest priority on my rundown of things to see and do while I was visiting San Francisco, along these lines it must be one of the main things I did. Seeing the city the following day, when the sun was radiating and more individuals were strolling the avenues had a significant effect. I just couldn't accept what number of vagrants there were in the city however, with the entirety of their common belongings pressed into a shopping streetcar they meandered all over market road asking for cash. Contrasted with London and New York, I couldn't help suspecting that San Francisco had a difficult issue with the measure of vagrants living on the city's boulevards. It was not until the finish of my outing that I discovered, that the board of San Francisco really gives every single enlisted vagrant 400 dollars per month, with the goal that they can manage the cost of safe house and food. Albeit, barely any of the cash the city gives them is really spent of safe house and food, it goes on liquor and medications, which isn't helping anyone. There has been turmoil from people in general about the circumstance and there have been numerous petitions to prevent the board from giving the destitute any more cash. I before long started to understand that despite the fact that I was in California, I was still in a city and all city's have their acceptable parts and their awful parts, significantly more so the vacation spots and the lived in regions. By then I was prepared to be a traveler with the remainder of them, so I made a beeline for Powell Street for a ride on one of the celebrated Cable Cars. It was an excellent day so I sat on an outside seat and I didn't need to battle for it and I before long acknowledged why. I was unable to accept how steep the slopes really were, at one point we were so high up that I could see Alcatraz Island right at the base and the red links of the Golden Gate Bridge simply transcending the structures out yonder. As the Cable Car dropped down the slope, it went at a genuinely fast and I unquestionably felt the breeze as it blew against us. The driver called attention to well known locales en route, for example, Chinatown on the correct hand side, the celebrated Lombard Street as highlighted in numerous films and afterward at long last we went to our goal that was Fisherman's Wharf. Worked in 1900, Fisherman's Wharf is the most mainstream vacation spot in San Francisco. I was not baffled at all when I at long last showed up. I think the smell of crab and other fish amuses most likely hit me before I had really arrived at the Wharf, however that was simply part of the involvement with being there. Angler's Wharf was hurling with travelers, it was a curiously hot day and it appeared just as everyone had a similar thought. I had not anticipated that the spot should be so huge; there were such a significant number of various docks I was not exactly sure which one to visit first. Notwithstanding, it was before long concluded that we should visit the San Francisco historical center at Pier 45, which was additionally home to the US submarine USS Pampanito. The exhibition hall was no common gallery, since it was made out to resemble an old Victorian arcade. It was packed loaded with old wooden machines that worked if a quarter was dropped in and once the cash had been gathered the machines would become animated, considering the age of the contraptions it was very astonishing that they despite everything worked. Sadly the outing around the USS Pampanito was not planned for that specific day so we at that point made a beeline for Pier 39. This was an altogether present day region of Fisherman's Wharf and to me it appeared as though it had just been planned considering visitors. As indicated by the manual, Pier 39 is San Francisco's main fascination and I can really observe why the book would state this, since it positively has a ton to offer to keep the two grown-ups and kids engaged. There were the standard boutiques and memorabilia stores and obviously no American city would be finished without a well known Hard Rock Cafi, yet the one thing that could have kept me engaged for quite a long time was practically around the bend. I was unable to accept my eyes when everything I could see there in the water directly before me was more than one hundred ocean lions sunbathing on coasting pontoons. It resembled nothing I had ever observed previously, not even Sea World could rival the ocean lions at Pier 39. It appeared to be incredible that only a couple of hours past and not so much as 5 miles away I had been frightened by the measure of vagrants and road homeless people, yet there I was gazing at more than one hundred ocean lions housed inside a little harbor and I didn't know what shocked me the most. Being Saint Patrick' day the following day, I set myself up for a difficult day. I had heard on the grapevine that the American's affection to celebrate on Saint Patrick's Day and I was sure that this one would not be any unique. I imagine that the American individuals are extremely liberal with regards to culture, race and sexuality, however I found significantly more so in San Francisco. There are such a significant number of various societies w

Pervapertion Overview Free Essays

Layer selectivity : what experiences and what gets dismissed 2. Transition: Denote the measure of yield (estimated according to layer zone , thickness and time). What will impact the presentation? Feed temperature: Refers to temperature of the feed stock or some other agent among feed and retentate streams. We will compose a custom paper test on Pervapertion Overview or on the other hand any comparable theme just for you Request Now Film thickness: Refers to dry thickness. 3. Active distance across: measurement of pore expected to let a particular particle pass Execution Parameters †Selectivity 0 Membrane selectivity permits us to pick certain particles to go through the film 0 Improved layer selectivity will expand retention rates 0 progressively productive and conceivable cost decrease 0 This can be accomplished by better comprehension of the material chose for the film Impact of Feed Temperature on Flux 0 Feed Temperature 0 Molecules development increments exponentially with temperature 0 improve transition rate Impact of Membrane Thickness on Flux The more slender the layer, the quicker Influencing Parameters †Kinetic Diameter (1) Dynamic distance across can be comprehended as the width of a pore expected to let that particular particle pass Source: Fundamentals and utilizations of pervaporation through Zeolite films, 2004 Influencing Parameters †Kinetic Diameter (2) Key Cost Components For Pervaporation The working expense of pervaporation is vigorously dependent on the expense of creating heat and the expense of the layer utilized Current pattern: diminishing warming expense and diminishing layer cost Source: http://www. scielo. organization. ar/scielo. php? Diminishing Trend in Membrane Cost from 1989 to 2000 Reasons of diminishing film cost: . Film surface territory per module increment 0 lesser layer modules to create a similar measure of yield 2. Layer large scale manufacturing 0 creation cost decline 3. Increasingly smaller module 0 cost investment funds in common works diagram of UF innovation today, Desalination 131 (2000) 17-25 Similar Decreasing Trend in Membrane Cost from 1970 to 2010 Source: American Membrane Technology Association (AMTA), wrww. amtaorg. com Improvement in cost of warmth age - Cost of Conserved Energy (CCE) sums up yearly expenses related with sparing a GJ (roughly 0. 95 MBtu) of vitality with a specific measure. Table shows that vitality productive estimates lead to vitality reserve funds that have short compensation periods from quick to 2. 7 years. - Industry is looking towards decreasing expense of warmth age Improvements in film 1) Membrane readiness techniques 0 additional strategies are created to get ready layers with various structures for various application 0 Phase division strategy created in 1960 0 Scanning Electron Microscope opened up in 1960 0 aided in the itemized investigation of the film structure 2) Membrane specific layer is getting more slender more than 30 years 0. 2 †0. 4 pm Step by step instructions to refer to Pervapertion Overview, Papers

Overview of Classifications of Bipolar Disorder

Overview of Classifications of Bipolar Disorder Bipolar Disorder Print Why Are There so Many Classifications of Bipolar Disorder? By Marcia Purse Marcia Purse is a mental health writer and bipolar disorder advocate who brings strong research skills and personal experiences to her writing. Learn about our editorial policy Marcia Purse Updated on July 20, 2017 Bipolar Disorder Overview Symptoms & Diagnosis Causes Treatment Living With In Children Your Rights Tom Merton / Getty Images When evaluating symptoms and giving names to bipolar disorderâ€"also called manic depressionâ€"and bipolar disorders many subsets, there are no absolutes. In their book, We Heard the Angels of Madness, authors Diane and Lisa Berger describe bipolar disorder as a virulent disorder with many faces and liken it to the multi-headed Hydra of Greek mythology. Just as the Hydra sprouted several new heads for each one slain, researchers and clinicians find that for each new fact learned about bipolar disorder, more questions are raised. Symptoms are different from one person to the next. The severity of symptoms also differs. Facets of personalities combine to create additional faces of the monster. Thus, researchers, clinicians, and practitioners face a wide array of challenges in order to codify each diagnosis. In response, classification systems, subsets, and specifiers have been developed in an attempt to standardize the diagnostic process. In the United States, the primary system is the one found in The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders also known as the DSM-IV. This classification system organizes the mood disorders under the heading of Clinical Disorders (Axis I). DSM-IV Listing - Mood Disorders Depressive DisordersDysthymic DisorderMajor Depressive DisorderBipolar DisordersBipolar Disorder IBipolar Disorder IICyclothymic DisorderMood Disorder Due to a General Medical ConditionSubstance-Induced Mood Disorder To each of the above disorders, any of a number of specifiers (e.g., with seasonal pattern, with catatonic features, first episode manic, etc.) can be added to clarify the severity or course of the disorder for an individual patient. The International system is the ICD-10, The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, tenth revision. The ICD-10 provides a structure of families or related disorders and breaks them down initially into many more categories than does the DSM-IV. Bipolar disorder is within the family of mood (affective) disorders. ICD-10 Listing - Mood Disorders Manic EpisodeHypomaniaMania without psychotic symptomsMania with psychotic symptomsOther manic episodesManic episode, unspecifiedBipolar Affective DisorderCurrent episode hypomanicCurrent episode manic without psychotic symptomsCurrent episode manic with psychotic symptomsCurrent episode mild or moderate depressionCurrent episode severe depression without psychotic symptomsCurrent episode severe depression with psychotic symptomsCurrent episode mixedCurrently in remissionOther bipolar affective disordersBipolar affective disorder, unspecifiedDepressive EpisodeMild depressive episodeModerate depressive episodeSevere depressive episode without psychotic symptomsSevere depressive episode with psychotic symptomsOther depressive episodesDepressive episode, unspecifiedRecurrent Depressive DisorderCurrent episode mildCurrent episode moderateCurrent episode severe without psychotic symptomsCurrent episode severe with psychotic symptomsCurrently in remissionOther recurrent depressive disorder sUnspecifiedPersistent Mood [Affective] DisordersCyclothymiaDysthymiaOther persistent mood [affective] disordersUnspecifiedOther Mood [Affective] DisordersUnspecified Mood [Affective] Disorder In addition to the two formally recognized diagnostic classifications outlined above, there are quite a few other descriptive systems to be found in the literature. Many of these have been developed by researchers for specific projects or presented as possible alternatives as more is learned about these disorders. One such classification system is that of Young and Klerman who distinguish between six subtypes of manic depression. Young and Klerman Subtypes Bipolar I - Mania and Major DepressionBipolar II - Hypomania and Major DepressionBipolar III - CyclothymiaBipolar IV - Antidepressant-Induced Hypo/maniaBipolar V - Major Depression with a family history of Bipolar DisorderBipolar VI - Unipolar Mania

Japanese Anthropology Essay - 1772 Words

Prof. Bodoh-Creed Anth 338 – Section 1 February 27, 2012 On an ordinary Saturday afternoon, my sister and I made our way to 1st St. and Central Ave. from a failed attempt at another left-to-be-unnamed cultural epicenter, which was a very disappointing trip. Little Tokyo proved to be quite the opposite, as I was able to ascertain a much deeper understanding of the Japanese culture because of it, and at the same time was able to reflect on the differences and similarities of my Filipino heritage. From what I was able to gather, the Japanese and Filipino cultures have quite a few significant differences, but have more similarities than I originally anticipated. As the name would suggest, Little Tokyo is fairly little, with its†¦show more content†¦Furthermore, along 2nd Street one can find a Pinkberry and Japanese tavern sharing close proximity to one another, just one example of the comingled culture of Little Tokyo. We met many friendly people during our visit, but had the most luck getting interviews while we were in the shops an d making small talk with the workers and customers. The predominant religion in Little Tokyo is Buddhism, but sentiment varies widely depending on their connection to the Japanese culture and their age. I was told that there were a handful of temples scattered throughout the area, and according to an elderly female store owner many people find it very important to observe the religious decrees and go every Sunday to meditate. A younger Japanese woman who worked in one of the shops seemed to think otherwise, as she expressed that nobody really follows the customs anymore, but certainly like to profess it. She continued by saying, â€Å"The only time we really care is during funerals†, but during weddings they are seen in churches wearing American style gowns, bearing a mark of Judeo-Christian Western ideology. Although Buddhism is widely recognized to be the major religion among the Japanese, some of the smaller religions like Shinto and Christianity bring in a small following also, just not in Little Tokyo. Strolling along the Plaza, I encountered a pleasant Japanese American student in her mid-20s who had come all the way from Orange County. She toldShow MoreRelatedEssay on The Role of the Reflexive Ethnographer1252 Words   |  6 Pagesof the study of anthropology. The use of reflexivity has and wil l always be questioned in anthropology. Malinowski, who was a pioneer in the field of anthropology, discouraged the use of reflexivity; he, instead, believed that anthropology was scientific and could produce â€Å"concrete evidence† (Malinowski 17). Reflexivity is way in which anthropologists try to get rid of this scientific and rigid anthropology; it is a move towards an emotional and self-reflective anthropology. 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Comparing Public Vs Private Health Care System Essay

Healthcare is one of the most controversial political priorities of our time. It affects the young and the old; males and females; the rich and the poor; healthy and unhealthy. It can be about something as mundane as a checkup to a matter of life or death. What makes provision of healthcare so complex is the correlation of delivery and expenses. This expensive commodity often depends upon a political outlook about society and the people living in the community. Each country has developed a delivery system but there continues to be dialogue about what system is best for the consumer yet fiscally responsible. I address the question: â€Å"Health Care is always an important topic of debate. Often this debate occurs in terms that compare public versus private health care system. After showing how the public option is associated with welfare state liberalism and the private option with neo-conservativism, which option do you prefer and why?†, and argue that in developed countries such as Canada, public healthcare is a more sustainable and superior system over private. Healthcare is always a hard topic to debate, with many variables therefore making it hard to decipher which one is the top ideology. To start, the difference between the ideologies are that public healthcare is associated with welfare state liberalism. This means that the government has a vast amount of interaction within the country. According to the book Overview of Health the main purpose of public healthcare isShow MoreRelatedComparing Public Vs Private Health Care Systems Essay1563 Words   |  7 PagesI address the question: ‘Health care is always an important topic of debate. Often this debate occurs in terms that compare public versus private health care systems. 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VIRTUAL SCHOOLS AND THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY STUDENT Free Essays

string(53) " fix pupils for the twenty-first century work force\." Can Virtual Schools Meet the Needs of the Twenty-first Century Student? The turning complexness of an interdependent and interrelated universe has spurred monolithic instruction reforms in the United States. Unfortunately, many say that the instruction system is non overhauling plenty to bring forth more competitory 21st century pupils. Harmonizing to the North American Council for Learning and Partnership for twenty-first Century Skills ( 2006 ) , bulk of Americans feel that the United States is dawdling behind other industrialised states in fiting pupils with twenty-first century accomplishments such as critical thought and problem-solving accomplishments, computing machine and engineering accomplishments, and communicating and autonomy accomplishments. We will write a custom essay sample on VIRTUAL SCHOOLS AND THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY STUDENT or any similar topic only for you Order Now Calls to reform the instruction system to aline with the demands of the planetary work force have prompted support for practical schooling. Reports suggest a turning credence and popularity of on-line acquisition among pedagogues, parents, and pupils. K-12 online acquisition is a new field that caters to an estimated $ 50 million market and turning over 30 per centum yearly. There are over 173 practical charter schools functioning 92,235 pupils in 18 provinces in 2007 ; 57 per centum of public secondary schools in the U.S. offer auxiliary online classs and 72 per centum of school territories with distance instruction plans planned to spread out on-line offerings in the old ages to come ( Watson, Gemin, A ; Ryan, 2008 ) . The phenomenon of the â€Å" practical school † has generated much exhilaration. Considered by many to hold revolutionized the manner instruction is delivered and accessed in the digital epoch of the Information age, practical acquisition in the United States has roots that go manner back in the late eighteenth century. The modern precursor to the modern-day practical schools is the mail-based correspondence school, said to hold been invented in 1891 at the University of Chicago. From mail-based systems, bringing mechanisms shortly evolved to radio plans to telecasting and satellite broadcasts to the Internet-based practical schools of today. Virtual schools utilizing the Internet as medium were launched in the 1990s but its foundation established before that period. In 1988, the federal Star Schools plan was started with peculiar accent on supplying distance-education engineerings through telecommunication partnerships to little rural schools. In August 1993, a charter school was built by Horizon Instructional Systems in Lincoln, California, offering plans that include an â€Å" electronically assisted pupil learning † plan that blended home-based computing machines with satellite engineering and distance instruction. The K-12 practical school appears to hold materialized in the summer of 1995 when the Eugene, Oregon-based CyberSchool Project was launched by nine territory instructors. By 1996, the ballyhoo of the practical school took land with the constitution of the experimental WebSchool in Orange County Florida ; Cyber-School Academy in Washington State ; the Concord Virtual High School which was built through a $ 7.5 million grant ; and the University of Nebraska-Lincoln. What concretized the presence of K-12 practical schools is the outgrowth of big, multi-state plans such as the Florida Virtual School, founded in 1997 and the Virtual High School ( Greenway A ; Vanourek, 2006 ) . Several surveies and researches have cited both the advantages and disadvantages of online acquisition. Researches show that apart from online larning non demoing important difference in act uponing pupil public presentation compared to traditional schoolroom direction, on-line scholars experience signifiers of isolation and hapless societal accomplishments. Some surveies have concluded that effectual execution of blend larning attacks in practical schools contribute to better academic public presentation and assessment trial tonss for pupils compared to their traditional schoolroom opposite numbers. In add-on to betterment in nucleus academic topics, surveies besides show that practical schooling provides the needful accomplishments in critical thought, originative job resolution, digital literacy, liberty and planetary consciousness to fix pupils for the twenty-first century work force. You read "VIRTUAL SCHOOLS AND THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY STUDENT" in category "Essay examples" Thi s survey aims to garner pertinent literature to find whether or non the practical school can run into the demands of the twenty-first century pupil. Purpose of the Study The viability of online acquisition to supplement traditional schoolroom direction has become undeniable in the face of increased Internet connectivity. In the United Schools, 100 per centum of the schools have Internet entree. Computer use begins at really immature ages and immature kids are now able Godheads of multimedia content ( International Council for K-12 Online Learning, 2009 ) . Integrating engineering with instruction seems merely suiting in the digital epoch of the Information age. Like all instruction reforms enterprises, the instance has been made to extol and discredit the success of on-line acquisition in bring forthing 21st century-standard instruction results. Surveies have pointed to the effectivity of on-line acquisition as â€Å" tantamount † or â€Å" better † than traditional schoolroom direction ( Cavanaugh, 2001 ; Barker A ; Wendel, 2001 ) . In add-on, experts have come to believe that when used suitably, e-learning can take to improved pupil public presentation ( National Association of State Boards of Education, 2001 ) . There are besides disadvantages cited: isolation, hapless societal development, disadvantages for pupils experience linguistic communication, hapless accomplishment in physical demonstration-focused topics such as music, physical instruction, or foreign linguistic communication ( Barker A ; Wendel, 2001 ; Bon d, 2002 ) . Exhaustive research in on-line acquisition or practical schooling is limited, as research on the subject is comparatively new and undergoing development. This survey hopes to lend to the little organic structure of research that explores the capableness of practical schools to run into the demands of the twenty-first century scholar. This survey presents relevant theoretical constructs and bing research work to give a proper rating of whether or non practical schooling efficaciously equips and prepares the twenty-first century pupils with accomplishments needed to last in the competitory and internationalized work force. Statement of the Problem The alterations spurred by the Internet and multimedia engineering has challenged the traditional apprehension on how instruction is delivered in order to efficaciously fix pupils for the demands of the twenty-first century. Virtual schools break down geographical and clip barriers that limit chances for larning. The promise of flexibleness and pupil liberty in practical schooling are believed to fix pupils for the increasing demand in job resolution accomplishments and technological expertness in the globalized work force. Research workers have pointed both advantages and disadvantages of the practical school. While it offers exciting chances for pupil battle, strictly on-line larning lacks the needed face-to-face interaction and exposure to socialisation that traditional acquisition can supply. Hence, the blended acquisition or intercrossed attack, which combines both the online experience and face-to-face direction, has found application in most schools offering online classs toda y. This survey will reexamine relevant literature in order to reply the undermentioned research inquiries: What are the demands of the twenty-first century pupil? What is the effectivity of practical schooling in bettering pupil public presentation? What is the potency of practical schooling in supplying pupils with twenty-first century accomplishments, peculiarly ( a ) critical thought and job resolution accomplishments ; ( B ) planetary consciousness ; ( c ) information communications and engineering ( ICT ) skills ; and ( vitamin D ) autonomous acquisition and authorization? Discussion This subdivision presents selected relevant surveies and theoretical constructs that explore the capableness of practical schools to run into the demands of 21st century pupils, peculiarly in bettering nucleus academic competences every bit good as alleged twenty-first century accomplishments. The Needs of the Twenty-first Century Student Aside from the academic nucleus competences listed in the No Child Left Behind Act ( 2001 ) such as English, reading or linguistic communication humanistic disciplines, mathematics, scientific discipline, foreign linguistic communications, civics, authorities, economic sciences, humanistic disciplines, history, and geographics, theoreticians list several accomplishments needed by the 21st century pupil: information, media literacy, and engineering accomplishments, larning and invention accomplishments, life and calling accomplishments, and planetary consciousness ( NACOL and Partnership for twenty-first Century Skills, 2006 ) . Information, media, and engineering accomplishments are farther subdivided into information literacy, media literacy, and information, communications and engineering ( ICT ) literacy. Information literacy is the pupil ‘s capacity to entree and measure information expeditiously and efficaciously, every bit good as appreciating the cardinal ethical issues related to information entree. Media literacy entails the capacity to understand why and how media messages are constructed and the creative activity of media merchandises using appropriate media creative activity tools. Information and communications engineering ( ICT ) literacy is the aptitude of utilizing digital engineerings ( computing machines, media participants, etc. ) , societal webs, and communication/networking tools to measure and pass on information and successfully map in a knowledge-based economic system. Learning and invention accomplishments include creativeness and invention, critical thought and problem-solving, and communicating and coaction. Creativity is the ability to make a broad scope of new and worthwhile thoughts, refinement and measuring them to better originative attempts, every bit good as the openness and reactivity to new positions. Critical thought involves abilities such as job designation, information assemblage, premises, informations reading, measuring grounds, acknowledging relationships, pulling decisions, proving decisions, retracing forms and doing judgements ( Thornburg, 2000 ) . Communication and coaction accomplishments involves the ability to joint ideas and thoughts efficaciously utilizing verbal and gestural communicating methods, listening efficaciously, and working efficaciously with diverse squads or groups. Effectiveness of Virtual Schools in Improving Student Performance Key findings gathered by educational reform organisations comparing student public presentation among on-line scholars and traditional schoolroom scholars range from â€Å" no important difference † , â€Å" equal † , and â€Å" better † results for pupils engaged in on-line acquisition. Surveies besides point to intermix acquisition or the intercrossed attack as the method that consequences to outdo pupil results. In a meta-analysis done by The U.S. Department of Education ( 2009 ) synthesising 51 on-line surveies in 2009, consequences indicate that â€Å" on norm, pupils in on-line acquisition conditions performed better than those having face-to-face direction † ( p. nine ) . Furthermore, the survey compared results of both online and blended larning attacks to face-to-face direction. The survey concludes that blended direction was more effectual than face-to-face direction and recommends execution of blended attacks. A meta-analysis conducted by Cavanaugh ( 2001 ) explored the differences in accomplishment among distance acquisition and traditional schoolroom plans at the K-12 degree. Consequences indicated that accomplishment was more or less tantamount among the two groups. The Florida TaxWatch Center for Educational Performance and Accountability ( 2007 ) cited in its concluding study of the Florida Virtual School that pupils enrolled in online classs outperformed their equals in traditional schools. In the school twelvemonth 2004-05, FLVS pupils outperformed their traditional school opposite numbers in nine out of 10s capable countries. Both groups scored 85 % in art/visual humanistic disciplines. During the 2005-06 school twelvemonth, high school pupils taking on-line classs scored systematically higher in nine out of 10s capable countries than traditional public high school scholars. The study besides indicated that FLVS pupils systematically earned higher classs, received better FCAT ( Florida Comprehensive Assessment Test ) scores, and achieved higher Markss on Advanced Placement ( AP ) exams than scholars in traditional schools. A survey on K-adult distance instruction plans conducted by Shachar and Neumann ( 2003 ) revealed a important positive consequence, reasoning that in approximately two-thirds of the instances, distance instruction scholars outperformed their traditional schoolroom opposite numbers. Cavanaugh et Al. ( 2004 ) conducted a meta-analysis aimed at comparing accomplishment in online and traditional schoolroom plans. The synthesis revealed â€Å" no important difference † in academic results and concluded â€Å" about tantamount † steps between on-line pupils and schoolroom opposite numbers. Other surveies reveal that groups of pupils larning on-line by and large achieve at degrees equal to their equals in schoolrooms. There appears to be grounds to show that when used suitably, blended acquisition attacks in practical schooling can better what pupils learn and supply them with high-quality acquisition chances ( Kearsley, 2000 ; National Association of State Boards of Education, 2001 ) . Potential of Virtual Schools in Promoting twenty-first Century Skills Unlike literature on the effectivity of post-secondary and higher-education online acquisition, there is a dearth of research that focuses on the effectivity of K-12 distance instruction in heightening learning results among pupils. Using the Partnership for twenty-first Century Skills theoretical account ( 2007 ) , the literature presents bing certification on effectivity of online acquisition in furthering critical thought and job resolution accomplishments, ICT or digital literacy, planetary consciousness, and autonomous acquisition and authorization. Critical Thinking and Problem Solving Since 21st century occupations require higher degrees of job work outing accomplishments and critical thought, practical schools prepare their pupils by guaranting that they are able to appreciate relationships between abstract thoughts and practical applications in the context of the existent universe. NACOL ( 2001 ) asserts that practical schools use competency-based acquisition theoretical accounts that are effectual in heightening critical thought accomplishments. Creative job resolution is besides facilitated through group or squad activities developed routinely in online classs. The contextual acquisition theory, the acquisition theoretical account used in on-line acquisition, suggests that larning occurs merely when the scholar is able to treat newly-acquired information in a mode that makes sense to them utilizing their ain frames of mention. Since the head of course finds significance in context, it establishes connexions that has significance and seem utile. Education theoreticians assert that when acquisition is situated in the context of real-world scenarios, pupils become more motivated to larn. In add-on, pupils find more exhilaration as they represent and simulate reliable and existent real-world jobs, alternatively of abstract, out-of-context activities ( Bransford, Brown, A ; Cocking, 2000 ; Driscoll A ; Carliner, 2005 ) . Many theoreticians argue that the effectivity of practical acquisition is based on rules of effectual acquisition in general. Harmonizing to the acquisition theory, acquisition is enhanced or promoted on three conditions: ( a ) when pupils have active engagement in the acquisition procedure ; ( B ) when coursework is contextualized in real-life state of affairss and experiences ; and ( degree Celsius ) when deep acquisition or critical thought is facilitated through brooding activities ( Bransford, Brown, A ; Cocking, 2000 ; Quitadamo A ; Brown, 2001 ) . The National Survey of Student Engagement ( 2008 ) survey found that online scholars reported deeper attacks to larning than classroom-based scholars and experienced â€Å" better usage of higher order believing accomplishments, integrative thought, and brooding acquisition † ( p. 15 ) . Duffy and Cunningham ( 1996 ) assert that practical schools facilitate acquisition by utilizing engineering in making real-life contexts that engage scholars in work outing complex jobs. Using real-world state of affairss promotes deep acquisition by developing critical thought in the pupil. Online direction such as simulation promotes critical thought as it involves active and adept analysis, synthesis, and the application of information to peculiar state of affairss. An illustration of a contextualized acquisition attack applied efficaciously is illustrated by Florida Virtual School ‘s scientific discipline course of study. The school ‘s course of study is designed by and large to go around around the usage of job work outing accomplishments and real-world applications. For case, in a Geometry category, pupils are non merely taught theoretical edifice and architectural constructs. The on-line instructor required pupils to complete a undertaking utilizing real-world architectural rules. After sharing digital transcripts of designs and floor programs, pupils were instructed to pull the front position of place. Another assignment required pupils to research the constructs of incline, rise, pitch, and run by analyzing local edifices ( Florida TaxWatch, 2007 ) . The usage of multimedia in practical schools is an effectual acquisition tool that facilitates student battle. Multimedia inclusion in on-line classs finds support in basic cognitive rules of larning. Constructivism argues that larning can merely be meaningful one time the scholar is able to choose relevant information, form this information, and efficaciously makes connexions between matching readings. Furthermore, active acquisition occurs when the scholar engages in three cognitive procedures: choosing relevant words for verbal processing and choosing relevant images for ocular processing, forming words into a coherent verbal theoretical account and forming images into a consistent ocular theoretical account, incorporating matching constituents of the verbal and ocular theoretical accounts. As a consequence, Doolittle ( as cited in Hede, 2002 ) concludes that pupils have a better potency for larning from a combination of words and images than from words entirely. The usage of game s and simulations when learning on-line topics allow goal-based challenges that stimulates involvement and heightens pupils ‘ motive. In add-on, supplying tools that enable pupils to collate and footnote notes promote battle ( Hede, 2002 ) . Autonomous Learning and Empowerment The nature of the 21st century cognition economic system requires citizens to be engaged in womb-to-tomb acquisition. As a consequence, being in control of the way of one ‘s ain acquisition becomes non merely valuable but necessary in the twenty-first century. Online direction offers the needful flexibleness and convenience to finish larning units when and where a scholar desires ( McDonald, 2000 ) . Furthermore, practical schools empower scholars with self-paced and autonomous acquisition, allowing them take independently what courses to take and when. The self-paced nature of online larning benefits both pupils who are speedy scholars and those who need more clip in finishing class aims. Quick scholars are given the chance to larn at an prosecuting gait while pupils who are comparatively slow in carry throughing larning units can take their clip without being capable to stigma ( Watson, Gemin A ; Ryan, 2008 ) . Online acquisition besides encourages pupils to put to death clip direction and pattern a higher degree of personal duty ( Cavanaugh, 2001 ) . To exemplify, Florida Virtual School pupils are able to take the rate of class completion depending on their single demands. Students are empowered to either extend or cut down their completion period from the traditional 36-week school twelvemonth. In making so, pupils are able to pull off their clip and custom-make the faculty or unit organisers provided to accommodate their demands. Flexibility in online acquisition comes with the pupil ‘s answerability to subject terminal merchandises to their teachers. Students are free to subject class assignments at any clip of the twenty-four hours in a given hebdomad but will still be capable to answerability steps. This theoretical account is really much comparable to practical offices and teleworking of today that allows flexibleness but commands high answerability and quality outlooks for the terminal merchandise. Haughey and Anderson ( 1998 ) province that online, networked acquisition has the undermentioned advantages: communicating and interaction ; immediateness ; permanency ; diffusion ; and, exhilaration. Interactive and interpersonal applications of digital engineering facilitates the displacement on how acquisition is approached. Online larning makes the move from an authority-based acquisition to one founded on find or experiential acquisition. Online larning facilitates communicating and interaction based on a learner-centered theoretical account ( Cavanaugh, 2001 ) . The learner-centered attack is the nucleus of the practical school doctrine. Learner-centered instruction in online classs necessitates increased communicating on an single footing, and frequently consequences to positive teacher-student relationships. Positive student-teacher relationships nurtured online are lined to positive pupil results, such as critical thought, motive, and dropout bar. The National Association of State Boards of Education ( NASBE, 2001 ) lists the undermentioned activities that could further communicating and coaction among pupils in practical schools: instructional resources ( on-line tutorials, WebQuests, practice/testing environments, instructional faculties, practical labs, and simulations ) ; informational stuffs ( scouts, electronic databases, mention resources, streaming picture, and digitized primary resources ) ; practical escapades such as web-based Tourss and practical field trips ; unrecorded interactions utilizing picture conferencing ; collaborative online acquisition ( e-mail, web logs, treatments, undertaking sharing, collaborative scientific discipline experiments, collaborative authorship, online books treatments, on-line writer visits, and adept treatments ; on-line aid ( proficient support, mention inquiries, mentoring, and peer tutoring ) ; sharing infinite ( practical galleries of pupil work, on-line newspapers, and collaborat ive composing countries ) . Global Awareness The world of globalisation has put force per unit area on instruction systems to set to the increasing complexnesss and demands of an mutualist universe. Education ‘s intent in developing responsible and productive citizens to fuel national growing has been supplanted as increasing competition and mutuality of a globalized universe require pupils to be educated in order to go more productive international citizens. Harmonizing to Schukar ( 1993 ) , â€Å" Children in this state must be provided an instruction that more than adequately prepares them for citizenship in the society and universe they will shortly inherit † ( p. 57 ) . The coming of globalisation has necessitated monolithic reforms in instruction. Thomas Friedman ( 2005 ) contends in his book, â€Å" The World is Flat: A Brief History of the Twenty-first Century † that antiquity in the methods of acquisition and learning have no topographic point in the â€Å" level † and â€Å" connected † universe. Hence, digital engineering, which he attributes to the universe ‘s â€Å" flattening † , must be utilized to interrupt down clip and geographical barriers in instruction. Through it, the ascribed function to instruction as the great equaliser can carry through to a greater extent than the traditional educational methods. Partnership for twenty-first Century Skills ( 2007 ) emphasizes the importance of developing planetary consciousness in the twenty-first century pupil. Global consciousness involves the usage of critical thought and job resolution to be able to understand planetary issues, learn from and prosecute collaboratively with persons from diverse civilizations and backgrounds to further an attitude of common regard and unfastened duologue, and understand different civilizations and larning non-English linguistic communications. The purpose of planetary instruction is to develop empathy and perspective-taking among pupils as they study human struggle and cooperation, mutuality of human systems, and cross-cultural differences ( Freeman, 1993 ; Tye A ; Tye, 1992 ) . In other words, planetary instruction serves to bring forth pupils who have a planetary position and are equipped with accomplishments, cognition and temperaments to be able to appreciate and digest the built-in pluralities in civilization, ethnicity, and faith in the globalized universe ( Gilliom, 1981 ) . There are several types of activities that practical schools launch to advance planetary consciousness and an enhanced grasp of cultural diverseness among pupils. Virtual schools teach societal surveies concepts that require pupils to make web-based research, communicate with pupils from different states or provinces, engage in collaborative undertakings, and travel on telefieldtrips ( Harris, 2002 ) . As a consequence, pupils are provided the chance for real-time interaction and collaborative acquisition with kids from diverse civilizations that the physical school can non. Merryfield ( 2000 ) provinces that when engineerings are fused with societal surveies larning, the possible to advance cross-cultural apprehensions is maximized and consciousness in subjects such as equity, diverseness, and favoritism are heightened. NACOL ( 2001 ) paperss one of the most advanced undertakings launched by Broward Country Public Schools with the aid of the Florida Virtual School that successfully fused societal surveies larning with engineering to develop planetary consciousness. In an AP and Honors American History Course, four groups composed of Nipponese and American pupils collaborated through on-line picture conferencing and email interaction to discourse World War II and Japan-US dealingss. Using a Nipponese translator, American pupils were able to interact with pupils from Achiba, Japan. Other instructional content came from a Holocaust subsister, Nipponese cantonment captive and a professor of Asiatic Studies. Throughout the class, pupils created multimedia presentations and engaged in problem-solving activities. â€Å" Face-to-face † coaction utilizing Web picture conferencing enabled heightened cultural consciousness and promoted the bridging of two civilizations. Young, Birtolo, A ; McElman ( 2009 ) reports how on-line acquisition in the Florida Virtual School ( FLVS ) provides chances for pupils ‘ increased consciousness and grasp of planetary issues and concerns. Students are given activities runing from online forums to discourse AIDS and universe hungriness, to engagement in online nines that portion perspectives on international personal businesss and other societal issues. In 2008, staff from FLVS ‘ online newspaper News in a Click interned as editors for PEARL World Youth News where they collaborated with pupils all over the universe through Web conferencing in making and redacting the newspaper. Creative schemes utilized by online instructors besides provide avenues of intercultural coaction and duologue ( Young, Birtolo, A ; McElman, 2009 ) . One illustration is the Global Economic Summit organized by FLVS economic sciences instructor Patty Sibson that featured a cross-curriculum treatment of planetary issues participated by around 100 scholars from different states. The activity utilised Web conferencing and originative problem-solving undertakings. Another illustration is the on-line Chinese Language class offered by the Michigan Virtual High School ( MVHS ) . The class, which meant to present Chinese linguistic communication and civilization to get downing Chinese linguistic communication scholars, ran for a semester and was taught by a qualified Chinese-speaking teacher. Using a task-based language-learning course of study, the class emphasized on heightening basic communicating accomplishments and cross-cultural, planetary consciousness and apprehension. The on-line class required self-study and practical meetings and was designed to have four chief resources: an e-textbook, a group problem-solving undertaking, Web conferencing and treatment, and a group composing activity ( NACOL, 2001 ) . Digital engineerings used in practical schools offer pupils the agencies to get new types of cognition, accomplishments, and temperaments needed to work more efficaciously and go more productive planetary citizens ( Bell-Rose A ; Desai, 2005 ) . Digital engineerings offer many possible ways to further planetary consciousness in schoolrooms. By inculcating planetary instruction and engineering in societal surveies larning, pupils are able to appreciate the interrelatednesss of states and peoples worldwide. Liz Pape ( 2007 ) discussed how practical schools are lending in run intoing the planetary consciousness accomplishments of the twenty-first century pupil. In an online confab interview moderated by Education Sector, she explains that online acquisition schools have developed learning theoretical accounts that enable the bringing of interaction of pupils across province or national lines, such as those take parting in online schoolrooms together. In this mode, planetary consciousness and citizenship accomplishments among pupils are developed. Certain restrictions prevent practical schools from maximising the chances of pupils to develop cross-cultural apprehensions such as larning non-English linguistic communications. There is a accepted deficit of foreign linguistic communication instructors ( Cavaluzzo A ; Higgins, 2001 ) . Furthermore, technology-based societal scientific discipline learning to develop planetary consciousness is non ever successful. There is a needed attempt upon the online instructor to originate and put to death originative schemes that could bring forth coveted planetary instruction results. Surveies have come to reason that engineering entirely does non heighten pupil results ( McIsacc A ; Gunawardena, 2001 ) Information and communications engineering ( ICT ) Literacy The demand for technological aptitude in order to go more competitory in the twenty-first century work force is now undeniable. In the age of information, it has become a necessity for pupils to get the hang the ability to utilize engineerings to treat, analyze, and articulate information in instruction, life, or employment scenes. Since the usage of engineering in practical schools is a constitutional demand, pupils master twenty-first century engineering accomplishments to fix them for the planetary and Web-driven workplace. Some pedagogues feel the effectivity of engineering is overestimated, mentioning that presenting information engineering in schools has non achieved either transmutation of learning or larning. Research workers deduce that maximising the benefits of IT investings require more than merely presenting engineering and alining it with the course of study. They believe it requires the triangulation of content, sound acquisition rules, and high-quality instruction ( Cox et al. , 2003 ) . Several suggest that the appropriate application of digital engineering in the schoolroom puting enhances pupil outcomes. In 2003, a quasi-experimental survey was conducted by Rosas et Al. ( as cited in Metiri Group, 2009 ) on 1,274 early simple pupils in Chile whose results were compared to a intervention group that were equipped with hand-held devices with games designed to progress reading comprehension, spelling, and mathematical accomplishments. After a period of 3 months, the survey revealed that pupils who used the hand-held devices for 30 hours posted important betterments than their control group opposite numbers. A survey studies positive correlativities between the use of educational games on PDAs and public presentation in reading comprehension and mathematics. The surveies conclude that bet oning engages pupils in deep concentration and motive that leads to high attending, concentration, and self-regulation of pupils ‘ larning procedure ( Savill-Smith A ; Kent, 2003 ) . A meta-analysis across 42 surveies conducted by Pearson et Al. ( as cited in Metiri Group, 2009 ) showed important positive consequences with the usage of practical larning engineering in primary and secondary schools. Except for foreign linguistic communication were practical acquisition revealed uneffective, consequences were consistent across class degrees and capable countries. Effectss were somewhat higher to scholars under blended acquisition plans. Decision The complex challenges that pupils face today in visible radiation of the quickly increasing diverseness of the state ‘s population, globalisation of commercialism and civilization, and detonation of the Internet and other engineerings, higher academic results and increased versatility will assist fix pupils run into the demands of the twenty-first century. The related literature reviewed indicates the potency of practical schools to adequately run into the demands of the twenty-first century pupils and contribute to heighten academic public presentation and the development of of import accomplishments needed to fix them for the work force and the planetary economic system. There are advantages every bit good as disadvantages to online acquisition, but its benefits outweigh its restrictions. Research besides points to the blended acquisition policy or the combination of online and face-to-face direction as the most ideal in run intoing demands of the twenty-first century pupil. There remains yet inconclusive grounds on whether online acquisition surpasses the quality of traditional schoolroom acquisition, but it is clear that the practical school has become a popular and necessary option for 1000000s of pupils across America. Maximum benefits of practical schools may include easing betterment of pupils public presentation in academic nu cleus topics every bit good as developing accomplishments including originative job resolution, critical thought, autonomous acquisition and authorization, and ICT literacy. How to cite VIRTUAL SCHOOLS AND THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY STUDENT, Essay examples

Self Assessment free essay sample

Accounting period Interim period 3. An account linked with another account that has an opposite normal balance and that is subtracted from the balance of the related account is a(n): (Points : 1) Accrued expense Contra account Accrued revenue Intangible asset Adjunct account 4. Adjusting entries: (Points : 1) Affect only income statement accounts Affect only balance sheet accounts Affect both income statement and balance sheet accounts Affect only cash flow statement accounts Affect only equity accounts 5. A post-closing trial balance reports: (Points : 1) All ledger accounts with balances, none of which can be temporary accounts All ledger accounts with balances, none of which can be permanent accounts All ledger accounts with balances, which include some temporary and some permanent accounts Only revenue and expense accounts Only asset accounts 6. A trial balance prepared before any adjustments have been recorded is: (Points : 1) An adjusted trial balance Used to prepare financial statements An unadjusted trial balance Correct with respect to proper balance sheet and income statement amounts Only prepared once a year 7. We will write a custom essay sample on Self Assessment or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Kader Co. paid a total of $35,000 in dividends during the current year. The entry needed to close the dividends account is: (Points : 1) Debit Income Summary and credit Cash for $35,000 Debit Dividends and credit Cash for $35,000 Debit Income Summary and credit Dividends for $35,000 Debit Retained Earnings and credit Dividends for $35,000 Debit Dividends and credit Retained earnings for $35,000 8. Profit margin is defined as: (Points : 1) Revenues divided by net sales Net sales divided by assets Net income divided by net sales Net income divided by assets Assets divided by net sales 9. The asset section of a classified balance sheet usually includes: (Points : 1) Current assets, investments, plant assets and intangible assets Current assets, long-term assets, revenues and intangible assets Current assets, investments, plant assets and equity Current liabilities, investments, plant assets and intangible assets Current assets, liabilities, plant assets and intangible assets 0. If accrued salaries were recorded on December 31 with a credit to Salaries Payable, the entry to record payment of these wages on the following January 5 would include: (Points : 1) A debit to Cash and a credit to Salaries Payable A debit to Cash and a credit to Prepaid Salaries A debit to Salaries Payable and a credit to Cash A debit to Salaries Payable and a credit to Salaries Expense No entry would be necessary on January 5 ANS: 7 correct out o f 10 1)3 2)1 3)2 4)3 5)1 6)3 7)2 8)3 9)1 10)3

Comitatus Essays - Maldon, Essex, Local Government In England

Comitatus Essays - Maldon, Essex, Local Government In England Comitatus The concept of comitatus is important for understanding the actions and attitudes of a thane and his relationship to his lord. A band of thanes pledged themselves to a feudal lord who was known for his bravery and generosity. They swore to defend him to their death, and they considered it shameful to leave the battlefield if their chief was slain. According to their loyal code, if their leader was killed, his life must be avenged. He was their lord, and they were his loyal, proud retainers. They were known for their courage, bravery, recklessness, and foremost, for their loyalty. In return the lord provided them with protection and shared his weapons and wealth with them. The Battle of Maldon is a glorification of the ideas of comitatus. This pure heroic poem exemplifies the 'glory' of heroism that is undimmed by the defeat. The real subject of this poem is not the battle but the deeds and deaths of heroes. In many ways, these Anglo Saxon ideas can even be seen in general American society today. Citizens in today's society relate to their leaders in similar ways as thanes related to their lords; this contemporary use of comitatus can be seen in present day sports teams, religious orders, country defenses and fraternities. The American society, however, does not portray the ideas of comitatus when it comes to their political leaders and government. High level of competitiveness in present day sports demands good leadership and comitatus from team members for success. Team leaders are like the lord represented in The Battle of Maldon, because they encourage their teammates to be intent on succeeding in their 'battles' against the opponents. Byrhtnoth, the leader of the English army, encouraged his thanes, urging every young man to be intent on fighting if he wished to win fame at the Dane's expense (112). Comitatus is shown by the teammates who do not give up during the 'battle' and fight until the very end of a match or tournament. The teammates of a team always want to keep their honor and the honor of their captain by fighting hard and never returning home without a valiant effort. Like the thanes in Anglo Saxon literature, the teammates must live with a sense of honor and honor is shown in competitiveness and success. Religious orders in today's society also show sense of comitatus. Like thanes they will fight for their Lord until death and will demand resistance even when all hope of success is gone and retreat would be wiser. In all religions, priests vow to spread the word of their Lord and are ready to loose their lives in doing so. The thanes in The Battle of Maldon also wanted to either lose their lives or avenge their lord (114). Members of a country's defenses have always followed comitatus. As warriors for their country, they are bound by the code of loyalty to their country and are ready to risk their lives in battle. This spirit-code is also seen in The Battle of Maldon, where the brave young men stood brave in battle, eagerly intent on who might be the first in taking the lives of the doomed with their weapons. The slain fell to the earth, but they stood resolute (112). Leaders of present day defenses, however, do not seem to follow the comitatus as in Anglo Saxon literature; they do not fight in a conspicuous place in the front line. Byrhtnoth, lighted down in that place where he most wished to be, where he knew the loyal men of his own household were (109). Fraternities in present day colleges in the US also have a representation of the Anglo Saxon idea of comitatus. Fraternity brothers show a code of loyalty and respect is given to the leaders. They vow to assist each other and encourage each other to success. The thanes also followed this code of loyalty as is shown in The Battle of Maldon: it is needful for us all for each to encourage every other warrior in the fighting (114). The American society does not seem to follow the ideas of comitatus when it comes to their leaders and government. In Anglo Saxon literature, leaders were respected at all times and were

10 Words Derived from Scribe

10 Words Derived from Scribe 10 Words Derived from Scribe 10 Words Derived from Scribe By Mark Nichol Scribe, from the Latin term scribere, meaning â€Å"to write,† referred to a person who performed the responsibilities of an accountant, a secretary, or both but later denoted any writer. (Scrivener is a synonym from medieval Anglo-French.) The term is rarely used outside of historical contexts but occasionally appears as affected slang to refer to a professional author or writer; the same is true of its use as a verb to refer to the action of writing. Scribe is the basis of a select group of other words; here are ten such terms and their meanings, along with examples of their use in a sentence. (Note that each verb listed here can be converted to a noun by changing -scribe to -scription, as in prescribe/prescription.) 1. ascribe: attribute (literally, â€Å"write to†: â€Å"It is largely to this that we must ascribe the national conservatism and contempt for foreigners†) 2. circumscribe: constrict or surround, or define (literally, â€Å"draw around†: â€Å"To circumscribe the influence of the ruling favorites, he next suggested the formation of a cabinet council of six or eight ministers†) 3. conscribe: synonym for circumscribe or variant of conscript 4. describe: represent by drawing something or talking about it, or trace the outline of something (literally, â€Å"draw from†: â€Å"I can’t describe how helpless I felt†) 5. inscribe: write on something (literally, â€Å"write in†: â€Å"They would then inscribe a verse over the door of the house for protection†) 6. prescribe: make a rule, or tell someone to use a remedy or treatment (literally, â€Å"write before†: â€Å"The numerous fasts of the national church prescribe a fish diet†) 7. proscribe: prohibit (literally, â€Å"write for†: â€Å"When a legislature undertakes to proscribe the exercise of a citizen’s constitutional right to free speech, it acts lawlessly†) 8. subscribe: sign or support, or pay regularly for a publication or service (literally, â€Å"write beneath†: â€Å"Long ago, she had learned that many people didn’t subscribe to her morals†) 9. superscribe: write outside or on top of or over (literally, â€Å"write over†: â€Å"Kindly superscribe renewal on the envelope if you are sending it by post†) 10. transcribe: copy something written or write something spoken, or rewrite music for a different instrument or voice or in a different key (literally, â€Å"write across†: â€Å"She will transcribe the speech and send you a copy tomorrow†) Unsubscribe was a rarely used antonym for subscribe until after the advent of email; now, many companies and organizations have an unsubscribe option that enables the receiver to automatically halt the transmission of subsequent messages. The terms superscript and subscript, meanwhile, refer to small numbers, letters, or other characters (such as asterisks) set above or below the baseline of type as indicators of footnotes or in mathematical and scientific usage. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Types of RhymeAwoken or Awakened?10 Varieties of Syntax to Improve Your Writing

The Contemporary Issues in Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

The Contemporary Issues in Marketing - Essay Example There are thousands of books for marketing in the recent time, but do all of these books say the same thing in a different manner? Or these books are not at all applicable in the real life? Well, this paper reveals the major contemporary issues of these marketing books in a descriptive manner. The great virtue of marketing management is, that it is bound to change and evolve over time, developing newer strategies and theories which may benefit the marketing of products, and ultimately help in improving human lives in the process. Such improvements and evolution of marketing concepts and theories; play a key role in enhancing the quality of our lives by making more and more products and services accessible to us. However, marketing is a huge functional entity which comprise of various branches. The contemporary issues of marketing include the manner in which products and services are marketed, in an ethical manner and the use of technology as a new-age marketing strategy. This paper w ill discuss all the contemporary issues which are important to improve the product. ... This paper will be focusing on all the aspects as well as issues related to contemporary marketing. Furthermore, other critical issues such as the traditional and modern marketing approaches as well as the involvement of the technologies; the ethical aspects of the Marketing are also discussed comprehensively, in this paper. This paper will help the reader to understand the contemporary definition and the approaches of marketing in the modern era. Introduction: There are thousands of books for marketing in the recent time, but do all of these books say the same thing in a different manner? Or these books are not at all applicable in the real life? Well, this paper reveals the major contemporary issues of these marketing books in a descriptive manner. The great virtue of marketing management is, that it is bound to change and evolve over time, developing newer strategies and theories which may benefit the marketing of products, and ultimately help in improving human lives in the proce ss. Such improvements and evolution of marketing concepts and theories; play a key role in enhancing the quality of our lives by making more and more products and services accessible to us. However, marketing is a huge functional entity which comprise of various branches. The contemporary issues of marketing include the manner in which products and services are marketed, in an ethical manner and the use of technology as a new-age marketing strategy. This paper will discuss all the contemporary issues which are important to improve the product. The concept of marketing and its components: Definition: Marketing is an age-old phenomenon and it comprises of various critical

Halophytes and Glycophytes - A Review Research Paper

Halophytes and Glycophytes - A Review - Research Paper Example The proteome profile of germinating seeds reveals that salinity probably inhibited the degradation of seed storage proteins leading to the slower germination rate. Maximum delay in the germination process was observed during 0-72 hours as illustrated in Fig 02. However, at the vegetative stage, C. maritime plants exposed to moderate salinity (0-100 mM NaCl) have depicted enhanced growth with expansion in leaves and elevated photosynthetic activity in saline conditions showing a typical halophytic trait (Debez et al., 2012) as illustrated in Fig. 03. Aquaculture provides with a significant proportion of seafood for human consumption and is regarded as one of the key sustainable means to meet the rising food demand. However, the highly saline wastewater discharged from marine and coastal farms has adverse implications for environmental sustainability. The halophyte plant species have tremendous potential to treat the discharged wastewater in constructed wetlands on one hand and produce valuable crops on the other. The cultivation of saltmarsh plant, Salicornia europaea, on submerged-subsurface constructed wetland filter beds yielded significant reduction of phosphorus and nitrogen nutrients from a farm wastewater when evaluated over a period of 88 days.  A schematic diagram of nutrient removal is illustrated in Fig 04. The total dissolved inorganic nitrogen (TDIN) was removed up to 98.2  Ã‚ ±Ã‚  2.2%. The removal of dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) was comparatively less and amounted to 23-69%. The total dissolved inorganic p hosphorus (TDIP) was reduced by 36–89%. The correlation between TDIN daily load and TDIN removal from S. Europaea is illustrated in Fig. 05. The S. Europea halophyte can thus be used as an efficient and cost-effective way to treat saline wastewater for nitrogen and phosphorus contents in marine aquaculture (Webb  et al., 2012).

Endogenous And Exogenous Antioxidants Benefits

Endogenous And Exogenous Antioxidants Benefits Despite the usefulness of oxidation reactions to life, it could also cause a great harm to humankind. Human beings have body that generates free radicals very continuously and these are always produced from the oxidation reaction that constantly takes place in living cells. Apart from the radicals that results from oxidation, some other ones are generated from immune cells to combat bacteria and viruses and also from ingestion, inhalation, and or absorption from our immediate environment during burning by sun or ultraviolet rays. Damage caused by free radicals includes aging, destruction of DNA and clogging of arteries. It is also believed that free radicals may play a role in cancer, strokes, and heart disease. Oxidative stress may also damage or kill cells. Free radicals cause damage to skins structural support and decrease its elasticity, resilience, and suppleness. Antioxidants stop the chain reactions of free radical, and inhibit other oxidation reactions. An antioxidant is a molecule capable of inhibiting the oxidation of other molecules. There are two types of antioxidants: exogenous and endogenous. Exogenous antioxidants are antioxidants we get from our diet and endogenous antioxidants are made by our bodies. Endogenous antioxidants repair free radical damage on the inside by initiating cell regeneration; exogenous antioxidants repair some free radical damage from the outside on in by stimulating cell regeneration. The role of endogenous and exogenous antioxidants Exogenous antioxidants are antioxidants we get from our diet by eating antioxidant-rich foods and by taking supplements. Some well known examples of exogenous antioxidants are vitamins A, C and E. Even though exogenous antioxidants can be obtained from food sources, in our modern day world it is nearly impossible to get enough exogenous antioxidants from our diet to neutralize all of the free radicals generated. This is why antioxidant supplementation is so vital. Endogenous antioxidants are made by our bodies. Because they are produced by our own bodies and not obtained from food sources, endogenous antioxidants are far more potent than exogenous antioxidants. Endogenous antioxidants repair all of the free radical damage by initiating cell regeneration from the inside on out, whereas, exogenous antioxidants only repair some of the free radical damage from the outside on in by stimulating (not initiating) cell regeneration. There are five extremely powerful endogenous antioxidants. They are: Glutathione (GSH), Alpha Lipoic Acid (ALA), Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), Catalase and Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10). Unfortunately, the bodys production of endogenous antioxidants declines as we age. For example, our glutathione levels decline about 10-15% per decade as we grow older. This decrease in endogenous antioxidants is found to be a strong factor in contributing to premature aging and degenerative diseases. There is more than enough studies to verify that by increasing our endogenous antioxidant cellular levels, such as our glutathione levels, we can greatly help prevent many age-related health issues and degenerative diseases like Diabetes, Alzheimers, Cancer, Heart Disease, and many other health concerns. (Curr Cardiol Rev.2008 Nov; 4(4):259-68.) (Kaneto et al, 1999) Sources of Antioxidants All plants produce antioxidants. Even meat, dairy products, and eggs contain some antioxidants, which mainly come from the nutrient-rich plants the animals fed on. Plants and animals maintain complex systems of multiple types of antioxidants, such as glutathione, vitamin C, and vitamin E as well as enzymes such as catalase, superoxide dismutase and various peroxides. Antioxidants protection against diabetes Diabetics have high levels of oxidative stress, which basically means too many free radicals and not enough antioxidants to neutralize them. It would be beneficial for anyone suffering from Diabetes to increase their antioxidant supplementation. Glutathione, being the master antioxidant, would naturally be the best choice. Furthermore, inflammation leads to and contributes to insulin resistance. Glutathione, on top of being the most potent antioxidant, is also a powerful ant-inflammatory. Increasing evidence in both experimental and clinical studies suggests that oxidative stress plays a major role in the pathogenesis of both types of diabetes mellitus. Free radicals are formed disproportionately in diabetes à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.Abnormally high levels of free radicals and the simultaneous decline of antioxidant defense mechanisms can lead to à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.development of insulin resistance. These consequences of oxidative stress can promote the development of complications of diabetes mellitus. (Wiley 2003) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦there is evidence for increased oxidative stress in diabetesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.With regard to diabetes, antioxidantsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦supplementation have been shown to be beneficial. Thus, it appears that, in diabetes, antioxidant therapy could alleviate the increased attendant oxidative stress and emerge as an additional therapeutic modality. (Vega-Lopez et al, 2004) Researchers at the University of California, San Diego (UCSD) School of Medicine have discov ered that inflammationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦leads to insulin resistance and Type 2 diabetes. Science Daily (Nov. 7, 2007) Antioxidants protection against cancer, coronary heart disease and stroke Apples, and especially apple peels, have been found to have a potent antioxidant activity and can greatly inhibit the growth of liver cancer and colon cancer cells (Wolfe et al. 2003) (Eberhardt et al. 2000). The total antioxidant activity of apples with the peel was approximately 83 ÃŽÂ ¼mol vitamin C equivalents, which means that the antioxidant activity of 100 g apples (about one serving of apple) is equivalent to about 1500 mg of vitamin C. However, the amount of vitamin C in 100 g of apples is only about 5.7 mg (Eberhardt et al.2000). Vitamin C is a powerful antioxidant, but research shows that nearly all of the antioxidant activity from apples comes from a variety of other compounds. Vitamin C in apples contributed less than 0.4% of total antioxidant activity. (Liu et al. 2001) Prospective studies suggest that people with high intakes of fruit and vegetables or blood antioxidant concentrations (Pandey et al. 1995) (Enstrom et al. 1992) in the highest quintile of the distribution have low risks of epithelial cancers,( Steinmetz and Potter 1991) coronary heart disease,(Gaziano et al.1995) and stroke. At least 10 prospective studies have shown that high intakes of fruit and vegetables confer protection against cancer, cardiovascular disease, and stroke (Steinmetz and Potter 1991) (Gillman et al.1995) Abundant evidence proves the role of virgin olive oil in protecting against cardiovascular disease. While it has long been known that olive oil helps decrease total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels (Covas et al.2006) new research is shedding light on its additional cardiovascular benefits. According to the Food and Drug Administration, Eating about 2 tablespoons of olive oil daily may reduce the risk of coronary heart disease. To achieve this possible benefit, olive oil is to replace a similar amount of saturated fat and not increase the total number of calories you eat in a day.(Fito et al. 2005). Scientists have proposed that several constituents of olive oil may be responsible for its anti-cancer effects. These include its anti-oxidant polyphenols as well as the lipid oleic acid, which is highly resistant to peroxidation. (Owen et al. 2004) However, there are a number of dietary antioxidants that have been identified that would help us to understand how the antioxidants function, and some are still in the process of development and testing. (Uddin and Ahmad 1995) A group of chemists at University of Scranton in Pennsylvania says that adding a mixture of antioxidants to sunscreen may help enhance protection of cancer. In animal studies, they found that a mixture of various topical antioxidants was more effective than single antioxidants in preventing the formation of skin tumors induced by ultraviolet light. In another study, the same research team found that black tea, green tea, grape seed and cranberry extracts were all promising antioxidants for fighting skin cancer when applied topically. Both studies were presented at the 229th national meeting of the American Chemical Society, the worlds largest scientific society, in San Diego on March 14, 2005. Conclusion We need to eat a healthy diet with a variety of fruits and vegetables. We cannot depend on any single super antioxidants, a variety of antioxidants are needed. Currently only antioxidants from food compounds with vitamins (vitamins A, C and E) have been proven with antioxidant efficacy. Environmental factors that produce free radicals could be avoided. In numerous epidemiological studies, apples have been associated with a decreased risk of chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease, cancer, and asthma. In vitro and animal studies have demonstrated that apples have high antioxidant activity, can inhibit cancer cell proliferation, decrease lipid oxidation, and lower cholesterol, potentially explaining their role in reducing risk of chronic disease. The potential health benefits of apples are numerous. Regular consumption of fruits and vegetables, including apples, as part of a healthy diet may aid in the prevention of chronic disease and maintenance of good health.

Series 7 Study Guide

Chapter 13 Investment Company ( ) Investment Companies A corporation or trust in which investors pool their funds and are usually organized as corporations in the same manner as any other business corporation. However, some have been established as trusts and as such are supervised by trustees rather than dir ? Diversification Advantages of Investment ? Professional Management Company ? Liquidity The basic legistration governing investment company and difines and classifies investment companies into 3 basic types. ? Face Amount Certificate Company The Investment Company Act of ?Unit Investment Trust(UIT) 1940 ? Management Company The Act requires all investment companies with 100 shareholders or more to register with the SEC. A public offering may not be made by a mutual fund until it has a minimum net worth of $100,000. New shares are registered by the fund periodically, usually Type of Investment Companies Face Amount Certificate Issues debt certificates offering a predetermined ra te of interest. Holders are entitled to redeem Company their certificates for a fixed amount on a specified date.Investment companies with no management fee and low sales charges that invest in a fixed Unit Investment portfolio of municipal or corporate bonds are categorized as UIT. The funds are issued in book (UIT / ) entry form and registered form. Established under an indenture or simil Manage a portfolio of securities in accordance with specified investment objectives. Each day, usually at the end of trading on the NYSE, a management company will determine the value of its Management Company portfolio or the net asset value(NAV) per share. ? Closed-end ? Does not issue redeemable shares ? Open-end ?Issues redeemable shares Usually capitalizes through a 1-time public offering of shares and may issue commom stock, Closed-end Investment preferred stock, or bonds. The company does not continuously issue shares nor will it redeem its Company shares. The market price of closed-end funds will be based on the f Also called mutual fund. They are continuously issuing new shares which they stand ready to Open-end Investment Company redeem. All shares issued are common shares ONLY. Instead of 5% policy, sales charge will be applied. Management(investment advisory) fees are normally the largest Chapter 13Types of Mutual Funds Diversified Common Stock Funds Income Funds Balanced Funds Bond Funds Money Market Funds Bonds and Preferred Stock Funds Specialized Funds Operation of a Mutual Fund Board of Directors Investment Companies Consists mostly of common stocks. The funds can have a variety of investment objectives. One might be conservative and invest primarily in blue-chip stocks. Another might be more aggressive and invest primarily in growth stocks. Have as their investment objective high current income. Maintain some proportion of their assets in bonds and preferred stock as well as in common stock.Invest their assets solely in bonds and have as their objective stability of income. Invest in short-term debt(money market) instruments. A typical money market fund invests in CP and CDs. They generally pays the interest to the investors monthly. Invest in senior securities, both bonds and preferred stock. Their objective is current income with safety of principal. Invest a large proportion of their assets in a particular industry such as the chemical industry. Elected by the mutual fund shareholders and are responsible for developing and implementing investment policies.According to the Investment Company Act of 1940, at least 40% of the board of directors must be unaffiliated with the mutual fund. Unless authorized by majority vote of its shares, an investment company may not; ? Go from diversified to non-diversified ? Change its investment objectives and concentration of investments ? Borrow money, underwrite securities issued by others, make loans, buy or sell real estate ? Change the nature of business so as to cease acting Must be sent to stockholders semiannually. Mutual funds sell ex-dividend whenever the fund or its principal underwriter(sponsor) determines.The ex-dividend date for a mutual fund is usually the same day as the record date. Contracted by the fund to issue new shares and cancel redeemed shares for the fund. Normally also in charge of the disbursement of dividend and capital gain distributions and performing other bookkeeping. Responsible for the safekeeping of the securities owned by a mutual fund. Mutual funds must have a national bank, trust company or other qualified institution act as its custodian. He holds the cash and securities of the fund but does NOT perform any mana The principal underwriter of the fund.He has an exclusive agreement with the fund which allows him to purchase fund shares at the current NAV. The shares may then be resold to the public, through outside dealers or the sponsor's sales force, at the full Shareholder Rights Financial Report Dividend of Mutual Fund Transfer Agent Custodian Sponsor(Distributor) Chapter 13 Section 12b-1(The Investment Company Act of 1940) Investment Companies Though a sponsor is used and bears the cost of sales of literature and other promotional items, under certain situation, selling expenses may be borne by the fund. Chapter 13 Dealers Investment CompaniesMust have a signed selling agreement with the sponsor. They are fobidden to purchase mutual fund shares for inventory. But they can do so only to fill customer orders or for their own investment. If a dealer who has purchased shares for investment decides Manages the fund's portfolio. Re. management of a mutual fund, securities on margin, participate in a joint account, or sell short securities may not be permitted in general. Investment advisory contracts must be approved by a majority of the fund's share Total Expense / Average Net Assets NAV + Sales Charge = NAV / (100% – Sales Charge Percentage) = $10. 0 / (100% – 7%) = $10. 75 Total Net Asset / Number o f Shares Outstanding Orders to buy and sell the fund are based on the next price to be computed. Sales Charge / Public Offering Price = $1. 57 / $19. 60 = 8% Based on public offering price. According to the NASD's Conduct Rules, the maximum allowable percentage is 8. 5%. In the sale, there is no sales charge though is redemption fee(i. e. 1%). To charge the maximum 8. 5% sales charge, the mutual fund must offer i To be sold to the public at the NAV, without any sales charge added. No-load fund may charge a liquidation fee when an investor sells the fund.Dollar levels at which the sales charge is reduced. Amount Deposited Sales Charge Percentage Less than $10,000 8. 5% $10,000 – $25,000 7. 5% $25,000 – $50,000 6. 0% Enables an investor to qualify for the discount made available by breakpoints without initially depositing the entire amount required. LOIs are NOT binding on the investor and only available to single purchaser. The letter states the investor's intention T hose people who are eligible for sales breakpoints and LOI, which includes a joint account only between husband and wife.Partnership, investment clubs and joint accounts are NOT eligible for reduced sales charges or LOI. Investment Advisor Expense Ratio Buying Mutual Fund Shares Public Offering Price(Asked Price) Net Asset Value(NAV / per share) Buy and Sell the Fund Sales Charge Percentage No-load(N. L. ) Funds Breakpoints Letter of Intent(LOI) Single Purchaser Chapter 13 Voluntary Plans Dollar Cost Averaging (Constant Dollar Plan) Dollar Averaging Redeeming Mutual Fund Shares Redemption Investment Companies Require an initial minimum investment.The investor will indicate an intention to invest a minimum amount at fixed intervals, such as montly or quarterly. Fixed dollar amount is invested periodically. Fixed share amount is invested periodically. Redemption fee is calculated based on NAV. Mutual funds are required under the Investment Company Act of 1940 to pay the proceeds of re demption within 7 calendar days. The SEC can order or allow, upon the request of a fund, that redemption be suspended fo ? Fixed-dollar Types of Withdrawal Plans ? Fixed-percentage ? Fixed-share Taxation of Mutual Fund Distributions Earnings for Investment ?Investment income(dividends & interest on the securities) Companies ? Capital gain Investors will receive a Form 1099 to report distributions for income tax purpose. They may elect to Form 1099 take distributions from mutual funds in the form of reinvested shares rather than in the form of cash. Investment Income Dividends & interest on the securities. Taxable to the investors as ordinary income. When an asset is sold for more than its cost, the result is a capital gain. ? Long-term gains ? Result from the sale of assets held for more than 1 year / taxed as capital gain Capital Gain ? Short-term gains ?Result from the sale of assets held for 1 year or less / taxed as ordinary income Capital gains are taxed at the individual's tax rate, up to a maximum of 20%. Holders of one fund in the group may have an exchange or conversion privilege allowing them to Exchange Privilege convert to another fund of the same manager at the NAV. Investment companies can avoid paying taxes on income since they are eligible for special tax Taxation of Investment treatment under Subchapter M of the Internal Revenue Code. This special tax treatment is called Companies the â€Å"conduit† or â€Å"pipeline† treatment.Avoid triple taxation which would occur if the mutual fund paid taxes. The companies held in the fund's portfolio pay corporate income taxes and the investor pays taxes on dividends received from the fund. Therefore, taxes payable on dividends and interes Conduit / Pipeline Chapter 13 Conduit / Pipeline Investment Companies Corporatoi n in Portfolio Mutual Fund Dividen Investors Regulated Investment Companies The investment companies that meet certain requirements under Subchapter M are considered to be re gulated investment companies. Chapter 13 Reporting Requirements 300% Asset CoverageInvestment Companies Annual report must be sent to the SEC and semiannual reports must be sent to the shareholders. Investment Company Rules and Regulations Management companies(open-end & closed-end) are subject to 300% asset coverage to control their leverage, therey reducing risk. NASD Rules on Investment Companies Selling Fund Shares NASD members may not purchase fund shares at a discount from an underwriter unless the underwriter is also an NASD member. This effectively restricts non-member underwriters from distributing their shares through NASD firms. NASD members must transmit payApplied to the practice of inducing an investor to purchase a mutual fund on the basis of an impending dividend. The investor was induced to buy the stock based on the impending dividend. However, had the investor waited until ex-dividend date, the price Occurs when a registered representative does not inform a custom er about the availability of a Breakpoint Sale sales breakpoint or a LOI. The Anti-Reciprocal Rule of the Prohibits member firms from selling open-end investment company(mutual fund) shares because NASD of commissions received or to be received from the investment company.An underwriter of investment company shares is prohibited from giving a member firm any Special Deals discount above the one specified in the selling agreement for the sale of the shares. If a RR retires, he or she may continue to receive commissions for sales of investment company Continuing Commissions periodic payment plans initiated prior to the retirement if there was a bona fide contract with the person's firm to receive such commissions. Selling Dividends Chapter 13 Investment CompaniesInvestment Company Advertising and Sales Literature SEC Rule 134 Permits the publication of a simple ad describing the basic features of a new issue. Permits the use of ad that describes, in general terms, how investment compa nies work. The SEC Rule 135A communication must be limited to information re. investment companies in general, or to the nature of investment companies. Permits the publication of an investment company ad that satisfies the definition of a prospectus SEC Rule 482 under certain conditions. This ad may NOT contain an application ot invest in the investment company.SEC Rule 156 Sales Literature Real Estate Investment Trust(REIT) Tax Treatment Difference between Appreciation & Capital Gain Warns that sales literature would be considered misleading if it 1)contained an untrue statement of material fact, 2)omitted a material fact that was necessary to make a statement not misleading. Any sales literature re. redeemable investment company securities must be filed with the SEC within 10 days of use. Similar to an investment company but is not considered to be a type of investment company.He manages a portfolio of real estate oriented investments to earn profits for investors. To qualify as a REIT, a company must be set up as a domestic corporation m REITs are the favorable tax treatment given under the REIT Act Amendment to the Internal Revenue Code of 1954. If 95% of the ordinary income generated from the portfolio is distributed to investors, REIT is taxed only once. Appreciation : An increase in the market price of a security from the purchase price. Capital Gain : Recognized when the security is sold and the appreciation is realized.